Wednesday, July 12, 2017

Caravaggio

Caravaggio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Caravaggio (disambiguation).
Caravaggio
Bild-Ottavio Leoni, Caravaggio.jpg
Chalk portrait of Caravaggio by Ottavio Leoni, circa 1621.
Born Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi
29 September 1571
Milan, Duchy of Milan, Spanish Empire[1]
Died 18 July 1610 (aged 38)
Porto Ercole, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Known for Painting
Notable work See Chronology of works by Caravaggio
Movement Baroque
Patron(s) Cardinal Francesco Maria del Monte
Alof de Wignacourt

Michelangelo Merisi (Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi) da Caravaggio (/maɪkəlˈændʒəloʊ kærəˈvɛdʒɪoʊ/; Italian pronunciation: [mikel'andʒəlo karaˈvadʒo]; 29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610) was an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1592 (1595?) and 1610. His paintings combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, and they had a formative influence on Baroque painting.[2][3][4]

Caravaggio employed close physical observation with a dramatic use of chiaroscuro that came to be known as tenebrism. He made the technique a dominant stylistic element, darkening shadows and transfixing subjects in bright shafts of light. Caravaggio vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes, often featuring violent struggles, torture and death. He worked rapidly, with live models, preferring to forego drawings and work directly onto the canvas. His influence on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound. It can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Rembrandt, and artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the "Caravaggisti" or "Caravagesques", as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ("shadowists").

Caravaggio trained as a painter in Milan before moving in his twenties to Rome. He developed a considerable name as an artist, and as a violent, touchy and provocative man. A brawl led to a death sentence for murder and forced him to flee to Naples. There he again established himself as one of the most prominent Italian painters of his generation. He traveled in 1607 to Malta and on to Sicily, and pursued a papal pardon for his sentence. In 1609 he returned to Naples, where he was involved in a violent clash; his face was disfigured and rumours of his death circulated. Questions about his mental state arose from his erratic and bizarre behavior. He died in 1610 under uncertain circumstances while on his way from Naples to Rome. Reports stated that he died of a fever, but suggestions have been made that he was murdered or that he died of lead poisoning.

Caravaggio's innovations inspired Baroque painting, but the Baroque incorporated the drama of his chiaroscuro without the psychological realism. The style evolved and fashions changed, and Caravaggio fell out of favor. In the 20th century interest in his work revived, and his importance to the development of Western art was reevaluated. The 20th-century art historian André Berne-Joffroy stated, "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting."[5]

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